Experts said wild Mexican cotton has been contaminated with genetically modified materials and poses a risk to biodiversity.
This worrying conclusion comes from a study completed by six scientists from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Knowledge Biodiversity Council (CONABIO), published in the beginning of this month's molecular ecology, which is a International Journal.
In their article “Recently long-distance transgene flow into wild populations is consistent with the historical pattern of genetic flow of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in its origin centerâ€, experts have shown that cotton genes and transgenes can be transmitted through seeds in thousands of kilometers. Transfer between groups.
They also found that the wild varieties of Mexican cotton carrying genetically modified (artificial transfer of genes from one species to another) are developing rapidly with unpredictable consequences.
“The genetic diversity of wild populations is very high, and the genetic diversity of cotton grown is very low. Gene flow can reduce the differences between the flora, but we do not know what kind of impact it may have,†said the UNAM Institute for Ecology and the National Forest and Agriculture. AnaWegier, who is the project leader of the Animal Husbandry Research Institute (INIFAP), said.
"What we are seeing is the impact of allowing 15 years of genetically modified crops on biodiversity," she said.
Due to the price collapse in the international market and the growth advantage of synthetic fibers, cotton cultivation has declined. In order to promote cotton cultivation, in 1996, the Mexican government authorized experimental cultivation of genetically modified cotton, but did not pay attention to research on biological interactions in Mexico.
According to the report of the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, since 2009, the commercial-scale planting area of ​​genetically modified cotton has exceeded 100,000 hectares and the output is 500,000 tons.
Cottonseed is mainly used for oil extraction and animal feed. The transportation of animal feed products can explain how the seeds of genetically modified plants reach the wild cotton population.
Six authors collected 336 crops from 36 populations between 2002 and 2008. They also analyzed seeds in three regions of Mexico, Texas, Virginia, Argentina, Brazil, India, and Egypt. Of the 270 varieties analyzed, 66 were positive for the transgene.
Scientists found that in 1996 and early 2008, the Mexican government issued 5,985 permits for the cultivation of genetically modified cotton, of which 1.4% was located within the distribution of two wild cotton collections and was referred to as the interactive collection of the same species population.
In addition, 4.2% of the licensed GM crops were planted within a 300-kilometer radius from three collections. The remaining 94.4% are 300 kilometers away from the Wild Cotton Collection.
As has been the case with domestic corn, wild plant pollution may also appear in other genetically modified crops, and this phenomenon is slowly spreading in this Latin American country.
The 16,000 beekeepers in the southeast of the Yucatan peninsula are watching the 30,000 hectares of genetically modified soybeans cultivated by Monsanto, a US agribusiness giant.
Monsanto's genetically modified soybeans give soybeans resistance to herbicides and glyphosate. Glyphosate is sprayed on the crops to kill non-resistant weeds.
"In the soybean fields, the bees became very aggressive. They did not return to the hive but died on the way back. The glyphosate-applied crops damaged their internal organs," said the local coordinator of the National League of Farmers' Organizations of the Autonomous Region. Pablo Duarte said.
"What we are worried about is that not only the bees have died, we are still unable to sell our honey," he said.
In Mexico, about 45,000 beekeepers collect about 56,000 tons of honey each year. Their main markets are the European Union, the United States and Canada.
However, judges of the European Court of Justice have banned the sale of honey contaminated with unauthorized genetically modified pollen.
The first GM soybean fields were evaluated in 2008. At present 60,000 hectares of Mexican soil are producing genetically modified soybeans.
The government received 110 applications for the trial planting of genetically modified corn. Since 2009, it has received 11 applications for trial-scale projects, which is the process to go before commercialization of planting. The Ministry of Agriculture has authorized 67 experimental fields covering an area of ​​70 hectares. In the northern part of the country, there are at least 12 experimental transgenic wheat fields.
In 2005, the biosafety law of the GM countries stated that the center of seed origination must be defined before it is allowed to be exchanged for transgenic crops.
According to the Greenpeace environmental monitoring report, of the 32 states in Mexico, 6 states are planting genetically modified corn and importing the genetically modified seeds of the staple food. In the Central American culture from central Mexico to Costa Rica, corn has a profound symbolic significance.
Weigel is also a member of the UCCS. She is currently studying the genetics of avocados and green tomatoes. She said: “Each case requires individual analysis with the highest scientific standards.
The director of the research department said: "So far, scientific research decisions in Mexico have not benefited, but now we have the opportunity to follow the precautionary principle (we should avoid activities with uncertain potential harm, until proven harmless). Make a decision.
Although the probability of the transfer of seeds from GM crop fields is low, the study warns that once one or more transgenic individuals have spread to a particular wild population, the pollen they produce may fertilize local wild plants.
The research report states: "Because the transgenes are inserted into the nuclear genome, they can spread through pollen or seeds."
Pablo warns: "GMOs will pollute all our species, so we will have to rely on the seeds of big companies."
He said: "If we lose our native seeds, then we will not have seeds that can be planted. That is why we have asked the government to stop planting genetically modified corn and soybeans."
This worrying conclusion comes from a study completed by six scientists from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Knowledge Biodiversity Council (CONABIO), published in the beginning of this month's molecular ecology, which is a International Journal.
In their article “Recently long-distance transgene flow into wild populations is consistent with the historical pattern of genetic flow of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in its origin centerâ€, experts have shown that cotton genes and transgenes can be transmitted through seeds in thousands of kilometers. Transfer between groups.
They also found that the wild varieties of Mexican cotton carrying genetically modified (artificial transfer of genes from one species to another) are developing rapidly with unpredictable consequences.
“The genetic diversity of wild populations is very high, and the genetic diversity of cotton grown is very low. Gene flow can reduce the differences between the flora, but we do not know what kind of impact it may have,†said the UNAM Institute for Ecology and the National Forest and Agriculture. AnaWegier, who is the project leader of the Animal Husbandry Research Institute (INIFAP), said.
"What we are seeing is the impact of allowing 15 years of genetically modified crops on biodiversity," she said.
Due to the price collapse in the international market and the growth advantage of synthetic fibers, cotton cultivation has declined. In order to promote cotton cultivation, in 1996, the Mexican government authorized experimental cultivation of genetically modified cotton, but did not pay attention to research on biological interactions in Mexico.
According to the report of the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, since 2009, the commercial-scale planting area of ​​genetically modified cotton has exceeded 100,000 hectares and the output is 500,000 tons.
Cottonseed is mainly used for oil extraction and animal feed. The transportation of animal feed products can explain how the seeds of genetically modified plants reach the wild cotton population.
Six authors collected 336 crops from 36 populations between 2002 and 2008. They also analyzed seeds in three regions of Mexico, Texas, Virginia, Argentina, Brazil, India, and Egypt. Of the 270 varieties analyzed, 66 were positive for the transgene.
Scientists found that in 1996 and early 2008, the Mexican government issued 5,985 permits for the cultivation of genetically modified cotton, of which 1.4% was located within the distribution of two wild cotton collections and was referred to as the interactive collection of the same species population.
In addition, 4.2% of the licensed GM crops were planted within a 300-kilometer radius from three collections. The remaining 94.4% are 300 kilometers away from the Wild Cotton Collection.
As has been the case with domestic corn, wild plant pollution may also appear in other genetically modified crops, and this phenomenon is slowly spreading in this Latin American country.
The 16,000 beekeepers in the southeast of the Yucatan peninsula are watching the 30,000 hectares of genetically modified soybeans cultivated by Monsanto, a US agribusiness giant.
Monsanto's genetically modified soybeans give soybeans resistance to herbicides and glyphosate. Glyphosate is sprayed on the crops to kill non-resistant weeds.
"In the soybean fields, the bees became very aggressive. They did not return to the hive but died on the way back. The glyphosate-applied crops damaged their internal organs," said the local coordinator of the National League of Farmers' Organizations of the Autonomous Region. Pablo Duarte said.
"What we are worried about is that not only the bees have died, we are still unable to sell our honey," he said.
In Mexico, about 45,000 beekeepers collect about 56,000 tons of honey each year. Their main markets are the European Union, the United States and Canada.
However, judges of the European Court of Justice have banned the sale of honey contaminated with unauthorized genetically modified pollen.
The first GM soybean fields were evaluated in 2008. At present 60,000 hectares of Mexican soil are producing genetically modified soybeans.
The government received 110 applications for the trial planting of genetically modified corn. Since 2009, it has received 11 applications for trial-scale projects, which is the process to go before commercialization of planting. The Ministry of Agriculture has authorized 67 experimental fields covering an area of ​​70 hectares. In the northern part of the country, there are at least 12 experimental transgenic wheat fields.
In 2005, the biosafety law of the GM countries stated that the center of seed origination must be defined before it is allowed to be exchanged for transgenic crops.
According to the Greenpeace environmental monitoring report, of the 32 states in Mexico, 6 states are planting genetically modified corn and importing the genetically modified seeds of the staple food. In the Central American culture from central Mexico to Costa Rica, corn has a profound symbolic significance.
Weigel is also a member of the UCCS. She is currently studying the genetics of avocados and green tomatoes. She said: “Each case requires individual analysis with the highest scientific standards.
The director of the research department said: "So far, scientific research decisions in Mexico have not benefited, but now we have the opportunity to follow the precautionary principle (we should avoid activities with uncertain potential harm, until proven harmless). Make a decision.
Although the probability of the transfer of seeds from GM crop fields is low, the study warns that once one or more transgenic individuals have spread to a particular wild population, the pollen they produce may fertilize local wild plants.
The research report states: "Because the transgenes are inserted into the nuclear genome, they can spread through pollen or seeds."
Pablo warns: "GMOs will pollute all our species, so we will have to rely on the seeds of big companies."
He said: "If we lose our native seeds, then we will not have seeds that can be planted. That is why we have asked the government to stop planting genetically modified corn and soybeans."
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