The origin and development of Chinese treasure jade culture (2)

Forming the period of slave society. 2070-475 BC.
The main characteristics of the gemstone culture are the formation of jade currency, phoenix totem (dragon and phoenix), personality, sacrifice, political power, morality and other cultures.

1. Use jade coins - the formation of wealth culture The jade and jade culture is rare, beautiful, mysterious, and precious. The ancients cherished it and regarded jade as a treasure and wealth. "Pipe" cloud: "Golden jade goods", "Using the power of the king, on the gold and jade coins", "with Zhuyu as the top currency, with gold as the Chinese currency, with the knife currency as the lower currency." The Shang Dynasty began to discover and use gold, with Zhuyu as the upper currency, and until the Qin unified six countries, it should be used until the unified currency. "Historical Records": "And to Qin, the Chinese currency is second-class..., and the genus of Zhuyu, Turtle, and Silver Tin, for the decoration of treasures, etc., is not a currency." Although not for the currency, since the development of the feudal society, people have always used gemstone as a symbol of wealth. There is a general saying, "Gold is valuable, jewelry is priceless." Today many banks in the world store jewellery as a hard currency.

2, the dragon and the phoenix Chengxiang - the formation of the phoenix totem culture The Shang Dynasty believes in the totem of the phoenix bird, "Poetry Merchants" contains: "Tian Ming Xuan Bird, descending and living." Shang Wang Fengfeng is the Zhengli Palace. He said: "There are three hundred and sixty birds with feathers, and the phoenix is ​​the work of the phoenix." It is the same symbol of the Chinese nation as the Hongshan culture Yulong. The early Yulong of the Shang Dynasty was thick and simple. It is rough and concise, and the later is majestic and vigorous. The ancient Chinese dragon and phoenix art culture has matured to the Shang Dynasty, forming a dragon and phoenix totem culture, and it has become the spiritual and cultural heritage of the later "longfeng and Chengxiang". The auspicious images in the gemstone culture are extremely rich and colorful, and have been cherished and loved by people who have been influenced by the Chinese and Chinese culture circles until today.

3, personification - the jade as a symbol of good things "Book of Songs" said: "white hair pure bundle, there is a woman like jade" "the son of the other, beauty as jade" "speaking gentleman, Wen Qiruyu" and so on. I will treat people and jade as equals, and compare the beauty of people with the beauty of jade and personalize them. These beautiful words, which are glorious with gemstones, are used to symbolize the noble qualities of stealing ideas, and jade is synonymous with all good things, and is deeply rooted in people's ideology.

4. The court established the Guanyu institution and formulated the system of using jade. Zhou Dynasty established the palace.
The imperial court stipulated the "six ruins" and "six sects", "Zhou Li" to use jade as Liu Rui, to wait for the state; Wang Zhizhen Gui, Gong Zhigui, Hou Zhixin Gui, Bo Zhijun, and the son of the wall , Huang Qi Li Di, Qing Gui Li Dongfang, Chishao Li South, Bai Hu Li Si Fang, Xuan Zhe Li North. "阂瑞, 六器 is the official state system established on Friday. Liu Rui marks the official high and low; six sacrificial offerings, heaven, earth, The god of the Quartet. In the jade species, color and shape, the regulations are very clear and strict. This system has been inherited by the emperors of the feudal society. It has only changed with the development of the times. Liu Rui, Liu Yi Originated in the Neolithic period, formed in the slave society.

5. The formation of the moral concept culture of Baoyushi——Ethicalization In Chinese history, one of the main characteristics of the gemstone culture is to personalize and moralize it. Its morality originated in the early days of the slave society and formed in the late period of the slave society. The most important of these is the quality of gemstone as a moral concept and into the philosophical thoughts, systematic and standardized discussion, officially written into the national system of rules, in order to help consolidate and develop the country's dominant position. Confucius put forward from the concept of morality and aesthetics: Jade has eleven virtues, and it is very incisive to link the beauty of gemstones with the moral sentiments of human beings.
"Book of Rites," records that Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn Period also discussed "the gentleman is like a jade." His answer to the tribute to the "Junzi Guiyu and the blasphemy, He also" asked: "There is not much for the sake of it, the jade is also expensive. The gentleman is better than the German eye. Warm and zeal, but also; timid, music also; ç‘• ç‘• ç‘• ç‘• å¿  å¿  å¿  ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š å­š; The world is not expensive, the first is also. Shi Yun, 'thinking gentleman, Wen Qiru jade'. Therefore, the gentleman is also expensive. Yu dry is not light, warm and heavy, is a gentleman treasure."
Later, "Pipe" said that "Jade has nine virtues." The above moralization of jade not only reflects the relationship between ancient morality and destiny, but also embodies the moral norms of Confucianism, and runs through the Chinese slave society and the entire feudal society.
The gentleman is better than Yu, and jade is the embodiment of the gentleman. The gentleman does not leave the body without jade. These indicate that Yude has become the spiritual pillar that constrains the norms of the gentleman's words and deeds and promotes the sustainable development of the gemstone culture.

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