Before 1.7 million, the Yuanmou monks on the land of Yunnan made the natural stone a living and necessities – stone tools, which opened the Chinese stone age and stone culture. The jade culture born and developed on the basis of stone culture has become the cornerstone and concentrated representative of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Jade culture is one of the major symbols of the Chinese nation different from other nations in the world. It is a huge intangible asset left by the ancestors to China and the world today. Actively exploring the origin of Chinese jade culture and deeply exploring the connotation of Chinese jade culture has become an indispensable important content and major topic in today's Chinese cultural construction.
1. What is Chinese jade culture?
The word "culture" has been used in ancient China. The original meaning of "text" refers to the texture of the interlaced colors. The original meaning of "chemicalization" is to change, create, and make. It refers to the change of the form or nature of things, and at the same time it is extended to the meaning of the good deeds of the church. The essence of "culture" is "humanization" or "humanization". It is the process by which human subjects gradually realize their own values ​​through social practice activities, adapting, utilizing and transforming the objects of nature. In short, “culture†is all activities and results that transcend instinct and human consciously act on nature and society (“Introduction to Chinese Culture†by Zhang Yunian and Fang Keli). Extending from the concept of "culture", the activity of human beings to consciously develop and utilize Meishi and jade is "Jade Culture". There are three things that must be clear here:
The first is the "consciously" activity. Human beings consciously develop and use beautiful stones and jade in order to beautify themselves and beautify their lives. In order to survive, life is no different from using ordinary stones. If it is impossible to chase a beast, go to the nearest place and choose a beautiful stone. If in the ancient times, where stone and jade are not separated, it is necessary to come up with jade culture different from stone culture, which is not in line with historical reality, but also misinterpretation and misunderstanding of jade culture.
Second, the process of developing and utilizing jade by the Chinese ancestors is a gradual process of continuous discovery and continuous improvement. From the archaeological point of view, in the late Paleolithic period and the Neolithic Age, the development and utilization of jade materials by the ancestors was based on jade materials of local jade or beautiful stone, and there was no strict boundary between jade materials. As long as it is a beautiful, beautiful stone is the jade in my heart. Therefore, today we understand and discuss the origin of jade culture, and we must treat the jade culture form in ancient times with a developmental vision and a correct way of thinking. Jade and non-jade cannot be divided by the aesthetic vision of today and the modern mineralogy.
Third, in the Eastern Han Dynasty more than 1900 years ago, Xu Shen made the jade a "Jade, the beauty of stone and the five virtues." Here, in addition to the external beauty, jade also has the requirements of inner virtue. This is close to the modern human understanding of jade, which is a big step forward compared with the understanding of jade in the Stone Age and the development and utilization of jade culture. At first, human beings knew that jade was based on beauty, as long as it was a beautiful stone. With the passage of time and the progress of human society, jade is not only a beautiful stone, but also an inherent requirement. And as the requirements of being a man rise to the standard of Germany, so that jade along the two tracks of quality and virtue. This is unprecedented in any country or nation other than China in the world. This is the extraordinary aspect of Chinese jade culture. However, as an object, jade always retains the attributes of the general object, that is, its practicality. Its existence value is a word-beauty. The beauty of jade dumped a country, a nation; the beauty of jade dumped the whole world. Today we study jade culture, and beauty is still its core content. The heart of beauty is there for everyone, the beauty of jade is loved by everyone. Jade culture is enduring in the Chinese nation and in China. Perhaps this is the root of its inner existence.
Second, the origin of Chinese jade culture
In the course of human history development, it has experienced the Stone Age (including the Paleolithic Age, the early and middle stages and the Neolithic Age), the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Industrial Age, and the Information Age.
In 1836, the Danish scholar Thomson was based on the archaeological data of the Neolithic Age in Northern Europe. He first divided the primitive society into three periods: stoneware, bronze and iron. Later, French scholars identified the archaeological analysis of the Paleolithic Age in Europe. In the Paleolithic Age, archaeologists discovered the first stone tools made in Malaysia by the use of "stone gangue" in Tanzania, 3.7 million years ago. 1.7 million years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese nation used the "sniper" in Yunnan Yuanmou to make stone tools. This was the early stage of the Paleolithic Age. 300,000 years ago, human ancestors showed a second "sniper" method in the development and utilization of stone tools. At this time humanity entered the middle of the Paleolithic era. Three to four thousand years ago, human ancestors entered the late Paleolithic period. In this period, the stone tools appeared to be refined and the tool features tend to be obvious, such as bows and arrows, needles and so on. More importantly, the special shape of human beings in this period has disappeared, and it is close to the present human beings. During this period, humans called it the late Homo sapiens, commonly known as new people. Before 12,000 years ago, before the emergence of civilized society, it was the Neolithic Age. During this period, the stone tools appeared to replace the “sniping†method with “grindingâ€. Art such as geometry, angle, symmetry, perforation, color, and polishing have emerged. And a variety of tools such as axe, knives, knives and decorations, landscaping products have appeared in large numbers. The human aesthetics has increased significantly. In the land of China, the human ruins of different periods in the Paleolithic Age were representatively discovered. In the early days, the Yuanmou people, the Lantian people and the Beijingers were represented. In the middle stage, the Dingcun people were represented, and the late Hetao people and the cavemen were represented. More than 1,000 sites have been discovered in the Neolithic Age, almost all over the country. The characteristics of the unearthed articles are obvious in each period.
According to the characteristics of human activities in different historical stages, the fossil objects discovered by archaeology and the meaning of Chinese jade culture, the origin of Chinese jade culture was in the late Paleolithic period. The birth of jade culture marks the three basic characteristics of human society, or three major advances in the development of human society: this is the relatively stable development of the social foundation, the relatively rich material foundation and the surplus, the strong sense of human beauty and the appeal expression. From a social point of view, a considerable part of the ancestors have had a stable place of residence during this period; the matriarchal social characteristics are obvious; human beings are no longer completely naked; there is a group brother who marries another group sister; human beings are in shape The special shape has disappeared. From the material-based approach, the surplus value of the primitive society appears; the living goods are surplus; there is spare time in life. From the perspective of beauty awareness, it has combined practicality and aesthetics to give the material and spiritual functions a dual role; color consciousness appears; primitive religion appears; surreal consciousness is expressed.
Based on the above various basic conditions and the characteristics of jade culture, the origin of Chinese jade culture should be no later than the peak of the cave culture site 18,000 years ago.
According to historical records, the cave man site is located in Zhougudian Longgu Mountain, 48 kilometers southwest of Beijing. When the archaeologists cleared the fossil deposits of the Beijingers in 1930, they found a hole covered by floating soil at the top of the site. In 1933-1934, archaeologists systematically discovered this. It has been identified that the period of life of the cavemen was about 18,000 years ago. In addition to hunting and collecting, the cavemen also fish. Looking at the fossilized fossils and fishbone ornaments found in the caverns, we can speculate that they have lived a life of fishing and hunting. A bone needle was also found at the top of the mountain cave. It is 82 mm long, the needle body is smooth, the needle tip is sharp, and the needle eye is narrow. It is scraped and dug. From this bone needle, it can be seen that the cavemen have already used the animal skin to sew clothes, and they are no longer completely naked. Fire ash was also found in the cave. Around this time the cavemen had learned how to artificially rub the fire. Because the drilling technology is the basis of friction and fire. The ideology of the cavemen has developed significantly. This is fully reflected in the large number of decorations they have created. The ornament contains small stone beads that have been ground, dyed, and drilled, as well as two drilled small gravels, bored beasts and grounded sea otters, and polished deer bones. The bird's bones and so on. They put these drilled ornaments together with leather strips and then painted them in red, green, white, and colorful. The appearance of these original works of art is enough to show that in addition to working for food, the cavemen also have artistic activities and enjoy the remaining time of artistic beauty, which has produced a sense of beauty. In addition, a lot of iron ore fines were scattered around the body of the cavemen, and there were decorations for funeral. Perhaps the cavemen had the custom of burying the bodies. From this it can be assumed that they probably think that there is still a soul after death. This shows that human wisdom has been further developed and the thinking is more complicated.
In summary, no matter from the social foundation, the material foundation, or the emergence of people's sense of beauty, and then the confirmation of archaeological objects, during the cavemen, the land of jade culture has emerged in the land of China. Those "dyeing small stone beads", "drilling small gravel" and boring beast teeth, grinding holes, sea bream shells, etc., for the ancestors of the time, is the beauty of the mind, that is, the culture of the prosperous age of 8200 years ago. The jade in the ruins, the "the beauty of the stone is jade" that Xu Shen said more than 1900 years ago, and the Hetian jade and jadeite that people love today.
Third, the Chinese jade civilization era
"Civilization" is relatively barbaric. From the perspective of human development history, from the barbaric stage to the civilized period, it has experienced a long and long historical process, and the Chinese jade culture has experienced a long period of gestation and growth from birth to civilization. We traced the origin of Chinese jade culture to the cavemen of 18,000 years ago. Then, the unearthing of a pair of jade in the Xinglongyu cultural site of 8200 years ago marked the birth of Chinese jade civilization and the arrival of Chinese jade civilization.
During the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda dismissed the "Sui Shu·Yi Dian" "Ruizhi Civilization" and said: After the Tianwei dynasty, the four sides of the sacred "Ming" and "Civilization" are the material creation of human beings extending to the spirit of the light. "Civilization" is compatible with material creation and spiritual creation. This concept also applies to Chinese jade civilization. In the course of the development of Chinese jade culture, why did it propose an era of civilization, and set the opening of the Chinese jade civilization era to the period of Xinglongyu cultural sites more than 8,200 years ago. Its basis is mainly as follows:
(1) A pair of white jade plaques unearthed from the Xinglongyu Cultural Tombs in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, is the oldest jade found in China. This pair of white jade is not only a relatively fine level of craftsmanship, but also a jade in the modern sense. At the same time, this pair of white jade is also the earliest true jade jewelry discovered by humans. This shows that the aesthetic level, processing art, processing equipment of the ancestors have reached a relatively high level, and the consciousness of the United States is relatively thick.
(2) During this period, jade culture spread throughout the land of China. For example, jade earrings and jade plaques made of Shiyan jade unearthed from the Xinchahai site in Liaoning 8000 years ago. In the Huang Ligang cultural site in the Yellow River Basin, the turquoise jade pendant beads around 10,000 years ago were discovered. A knife made of crystal 8000 years ago was unearthed at the site of Shanxi Hu County. It has discovered the Yangshao cultural relics discovered in 7500 years ago; the Dadiwan cultural relics dating back more than 8,000 years; the Hemudu cultural relics dating back more than 7,000 years; the Majiayao cultural relics dating back to 6300; more than 6,000 years ago The Hongshan Cultural Relics; more than 1,000 sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age, discovered in the New Kailiu Cultural Site around 7500 years ago, most cultural sites are related to jade culture. And from the jade artifacts unearthed from the site, there is a tendency to develop from a single art, regional to art, and comprehensively. Some scholars believe that the ideological foundation of the Chinese nation's unification is first derived from jade culture, which is the jade civilization era described in this article.
(3) During this period, agriculture, handicrafts, and aquaculture have emerged on the land of China; pottery, especially painted pottery technology has emerged; there has been a large-scale city; the original text prototype has appeared on pottery and other items; society The division of labor is more obvious; the economic development presents diversified characteristics; the tribal strength and the tribal group continue to differentiate and grow, etc. These are not only the social, economic and cultural foundations of the birth and development of the jade civilization era, but also the further advancement of the jade civilization era for society, economy and culture. Development has injected new vitality.
(4) It is also the most important aspect. With the birth of the jade civilization era, the Chinese jade culture has gradually developed into the social, economic, political, cultural, religious, artistic, and moral aspects in addition to the main direction of pursuing the original pursuit of beauty. From all walks of life to heaven, earth, and God, there is nothing but a jade culture from material to spiritual. Long-term development, unbeaten for a long time, has been more than 8,000 years. Jade civilization embodies the understanding of the Chinese nation's ancestors in the ancient times on nature, group survival and life simplicity; it implies that the ancestors practiced in production and life and refined them; it affects the aesthetic consciousness of the ancestors. , moral concepts and pursuits, ideals; it affects people's material and spiritual life, and guides the development towards a healthy and pure direction. In the whole mankind range, from the New and Old Stone Age, to the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Industrial Age, and the Information Age, which country or nation has the influence of the Chinese nation’s jade civilization era, and which one The era has the vitality of the Chinese nation in the era of jade civilization! Therefore, today we propose the era of Chinese jade civilization, not to discuss the problems that exist in this era, but to correctly understand this era, strive to develop the heritage of this era, and let the Chinese jade culture and the jade civilization of China fully play to serve today. Society and the people.
Fourth, the history of Chinese civilization must have a jade culture
A national capital of jade, a nation nourished by a jade culture, has no jade culture element when determining the history of civilization. This cannot be said to be a major shortcoming of this country and this nation. There are many reasons for this result, but this has a lot to do with the fact that we do not correctly understand and treat jade culture objectively. It has a lot to do with not correctly spreading jade culture to the world, and it does not compete in the world. The right to speak has a lot to do with it.
On the issue of the history of national civilization, we do not deny that the emergence of cities proposed by foreign archaeologists is a sign of the beginning of the civilized era. He also pointed out that urban life includes: efficient food production, a large population, occupational and class differentiation, metallurgy, inventing texts and description systems, building public buildings such as temples, generating early science and Art and so on. We also do not deny that the emergence of cities, scripts and bronzes proposed by the Chinese people based on the above viewpoints is the three basic elements that mark the stage of social development to civilization. The problem is that there are two obvious deficiencies in the above views. First, they are the hallmarks of civilization, but not the earliest manifestations of civilization. Second, these signs were not the whole of human civilization at the time, and even lost the most important part.
Like the human society entering the smelting era, the industrial era, and the information age, we propose that the origin of Chinese jade culture and the era of Chinese jade civilization indicate that that era has undergone major changes in the history of human society development. The origin of jade culture is the first time that human beings have changed the stone tools from pure living and living tools to living, living (material) tools and beautification and decoration (spirit) in the land of China or the world. The jade civilization era is the first time that human beings have completely transformed the beautiful stone and jade into the spiritual items that decorate and decorate human beings in the land of China or the world. For humans, this is a huge leap of cultural quality, which directly affects the direction and future of human society. The achievements of an important civilized history like this should be one of the important elements of the history of world civilization.
The birth of the Chinese jade civilization era should be one of the main symbols of the origin of the Chinese national civilization. The Chinese jade civilization era was born in the period of Xinglongyu cultural sites of 8,200 years ago. That is to say, the history of Chinese civilization has been around 8,000 years. On the land of China, with the advent of the jade civilization era, the handicraft industry appeared; the pottery, especially the painted pottery, was born; the prototype of the text attached to the pottery has appeared; the agricultural planting is more prosperous; the cities of different scales are constantly appearing. The symbols of these civilizations are rare in other parts of the world. The history of Chinese civilization is built around the development of jade civilization, and it is expanding and extending in the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the north and south of the river. A cultural phenomenon like this has the largest population and the largest area, and it is still evolving. If the era of jade civilization is not protected as a result of civilization and the history of civilization, it is also an irreparable shortcoming of the history of world civilization and civilization!
In order to carry forward the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, jade culture, and accurately authenticate the history of Chinese civilization, it is proposed to establish the China Jade Culture Development Research Center to conduct a comprehensive and systematic study on the birth and development of Chinese jade culture; the origin of Chinese jade culture, the era of Chinese jade civilization The study of the status and role of jade culture in the history of Chinese civilization is listed as a major project of the National 13th Five-Year Plan, conducting research and research; establishing the Chinese Jade Culture Festival as a national statutory festival, and holding the China Jade Culture Expo in the same period; in Yunnan Yuanmou or the construction of the national jade culture theme park in Zhoukou, or the Xinglongyu cultural site in Beijing; the application of the Chinese jade culture world cultural heritage; the scientific and accurate revision of the history of Chinese civilization in combination with the research results; the establishment of the National Jade Culture Dictionary Compilation Committee, and the initiation of the compilation Chinese Jade Culture Dictionary. In conjunction with the "Opinions on Implementing the Inheritance and Development of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture", the Chinese jade culture will be carried forward and the original appearance and proper status of Chinese jade culture will be restored, so that Chinese jade culture will benefit the world and benefit mankind.
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