The ancients admired the jade. Located at the Erlitou site in the middle of the world, many archaeological excavations have been unearthed for more than half a century. These jade articles mark the Chinese jade culture entering the "juvenile era."
More than a thousand pieces of jade unearthed
Jade culture is one of the earliest cultures in China, with a long duration and rich content.
The development of jade culture in China is roughly divided into four periods: the first period is the Neolithic Age, the "childhood era" of jade culture; the Xia Shangzhou is the second period, the "juvenile age" of jade culture; the Qin and Han Dynasties China's jade culture officially entered the "youth age" and formed a relatively systematic jade culture; after the Han and Tang Dynasties, jade began to go down the altar, and jade culture entered the era of universal popularization.
According to relevant statistics, there are more than 1200 pieces of jade wares from more than 30 tombs in Erlitou site. According to the classification, there are jade handles, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, animal face bronze, green. Nearly 20 kinds of shapes, such as pine stone, jade tube, jade shovel, jade bracelet, jade tip, crescent jade, jade plate and jade bell tongue, both in shape and workmanship, were very beautiful at that time.
Among these jade articles, it is clear that there are jade, jade and jade, etc., jade, jade and jade knives. Although they have the shape of weapons and tools, they are not practical devices and can be used as instruments. Also has the nature of rituals. In addition, the jade handle and the inlaid turquoise bronze are also in the ceremonial category.
Chen Xuexiang, associate professor of the Department of Archaeology, School of History and Culture, Shandong University, said that from the perspective of cultural staging, the first phase of Erlitou culture, jade articles only saw a small amount of turquoise ornaments, the number of second-stage jade articles increased, and jade handles, animal face bronze ornaments, Yugui The new type; the third period is the peak period of the tombs of the Erlitou ruins. The turquoise is used in large quantities, and the number of important rituals and ceremonial devices such as the handle, jade, jade, jade, jade shovel are also many; In the fourth period, the jade rituals and ceremonial devices were significantly reduced, and the turquoise ornaments plummeted.
Xu Hong, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the captain of the Erlitou team, said that the area around Lushan, where the Erlitou is located, and the Luoyang Basin, did not use the tradition of large jade in the Longshan era, and there was a large jade ritual with Erlitou. A sharp contrast has been formed. Unearthed jade rituals are large blade cutters, such as jade, jade, jade, jade and jade, and second, small rod-shaped jade. Among them, 钺, 璋, 刀, and Gui Ying are all derived from the Dawenkou-Longshan culture in the Haishu area, and the later Erligang culture tends to decline; in contrast, the handle-shaped jade and Yuge are in It was passed down later.
Among them, the gums that have emerged during the Longshan culture period have further evolved into more complex forms during the Erlitou culture period. Some experts refer to the gums decorated with fangs as "Dragon's Tooth." Later, the Xinzheng Wangjing Building in Henan, the Guanghan Sanxingdui in Sichuan, the fangs unearthed in Hong Kong and Vietnam, and the Erlongtou “Dragon's Tooth†are in the same vein, showing that Erlitou culture has formed strong radiation and influence on the surrounding areas.
Turquoise inlay process ahead
Among the jade articles unearthed by Erlitou, the turquoise ornaments are the only jade species that runs through the entire Erlitou culture. The third phase of turquoise is the most numerous and the most exquisite, with turquoise and turquoise beads, which are generally used as eye ornaments. Earrings and string ornaments. The shape of the turquoise piece has a triangular shape, a flat round shape, and the like.
Erlitou's turquoise inlay technology is relatively mature. Among them, the national treasure-level cultural relics - large turquoise dragon-shaped device is the most, its labor, fine production, large volume, in the early Chinese dragon image artifacts are very rare, with a very high history, art and science value.
This turquoise dragon is about 65 centimeters long. It is made up of more than 2,000 pieces of different shapes and fine and small turquoise pieces. The giant tail is sturdy and the dragon body is very mean. The image is very vivid and vivid. It is Chinese. The root of the national dragon totem is the real "Chinese dragon."
"In the academic world, turquoise has always been paid attention as a 'Jade' in the cultural sense. In the Erlitou era, it is also used as a high-end consumer goods for the aristocratic class, with the meaning of identity." Macro said.
In addition to this dragon-shaped device, it can represent the turquoise inlay craftsmanship, as well as the animal face bronze ornaments unearthed from the Erlitou site. It is also the earliest bronze decoration. Among them, a bronze medal unearthed in the fourth phase is placed on the chest of the tomb owner. The front side is neatly inlaid into animal face with many small rectangular turquoise pieces. The four perforated buttons on the four corners are symmetrical and can be tethered. The image is vivid and the production is exquisite.
Inheriting the Jade Culture
Chen Xuexiang said that from the jade articles unearthed at present, although the jade system has not been formed in the Erlitou period, the jade manufacturing industry is not very developed, but it is a representative form of the jade in the Xia Dynasty. It has a bearing on the long-standing jade culture of China. significance. Behind the progress of the use of jade and the progress of jade technology in the different cultural stages of Erlitou, it is the growth and decline of the Central Plains dynasty.
In the second phase of Erlitou culture, the shank began to appear, and in the third phase, various large-scale ritual rituals appeared. These bladed jade jades have nothing to do with the original method and purpose of the handle, but to express the authority of the nobility, as the "Yu Gui" or "ç¬" that shows the relationship between the monarch and the court in the court.
"In the Erlitou site, the jade rituals are in sync with the appearance of Miyagi and the large palace complexes, indicating that the royal court and the court etiquette used to maintain the royal power have been largely completed." Xu Hong said.
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