Shoushan Stone Carvings

First, the introduction

Fuzhou's Shoushan stone carving, together with Fuzhou's lacquer ware and cork paintings, is called "the three cities of Yucheng." Shoushan Stone Carving is a traditional folk carving art. It is made of Shoushan Stone, which is produced in the northern peak of the northern mountainous area of ​​Fuzhou. It is made of small sculptures for people to enjoy through special skills. Shoushan stone carvings pay great attention to stone-like styles, so there is a saying that “one is the same as the nine workers”, and its skills are mainly spread in Gushan, Yuefeng Town, Xiangyuan, Wangzhuang Street and Shoushan Township in Jinan District, Fuzhou City.

Shoushan Stone is also known as the tower stone. Its stone is rich in fat, colorful and warm, like jade. It is cherished by the Tibetan stone houses of the past and is the best raw material for stone carving. With its unique meaning, Shoushan Stone combines the language of natural beauty and artistic beauty to form the “Shoushan Stone Culture”.

Second, traceability

The origin of Shoushan stone carving gradually advanced due to the discovery and verification of archaeology. The oldest stone sculptures of Shoushan unearthed so far should be the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589). In 1954, a tomb of the Southern Dynasties was found on the site of Fujian Normal University in Peach Blossoms, Cangshan District, Fuzhou. A stone pig was unearthed. It is 1.1 cm high and 6.4 cm long. It is sloping and is carved with rectangular Fushan Shoushan Laoling stone. The method is concise and the form is rough. In the nearly ten years after 1956, Fuzhou successively unearthed the same kind of Shoushan stone piglets from the 15 tombs of the Six Dynasties. In 1965, a southern tomb burial excavated at the Erfengshan site in the northern suburbs of Fuzhou, a similar pair of stone pigs was unearthed. At the same time, the bricks of the "Yuanjia twenty-two years" were unearthed. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia, in 445 AD, the art of stone carving in Shoushan was at least 1,500 years ago.

In the Tang Dynasty, the economy prospered, Buddhism flourished, and the Shoushan Daxing Temple building and Shoushan stone carving were also developed. It was reported that the monks used the Shoushan stone to make Buddha statues, incense burners, rosary beads, etc., for use in monasteries, and also as gifts for pilgrims.

In the Song Dynasty, the Wenwen martial arts, the economic and cultural center moved south, Fuzhou became an important city in the southeast coast, and promoted the development of Shoushan stone carving. From the Songshan stone sarcophagus unearthed in Fuzhou, not only the number, but also the variety and variety of shapes. The vivid and colorful characters and animals, the knife method is concise and the style is rigorous. It can be seen that the Shoushan stone carving has entered a mature stage. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Shoushan Stone Mine had been mined. From the two previous and two "Views of the Stones", it was known that the Shoushan Stone was extensively mined in the Song Dynasty. Professional and non-professional stone carving teams have also been formed. The Shoushan Stone Carvings have also been listed as tributes.

Before the Yuan Dynasty, the seals were mostly made of copper, iron and jade. Between the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the folk popularly used the "flower stone" to engrave the seal. The Shoushan stone chapter came into being as clean as jade, soft and easy to attack. It was greatly appreciated by the painter and the engraver. Since then, the engraving has played the knife on its own. The pursuit of imitation of Han, the mottled dripping, China's unique engraving art can be popular and developed, "Wan Duo Yunxia climbed a few times, Zhuguang Baoqi is awesome, the wind is a thousand inscriptions in the Zhejiang, the merits of the altar is Shoushan", the modern famous Jinshijia money Mr. Jun Tao made a high evaluation of Shoushan Stone's achievements in the art history of seal carving.

In the Ming Dynasty, the art of the jewels of Shoushan Stone has been greatly developed. On the basis of the ancient jade and bronze seals, the sculptors have created a high-quality, unique style of button-press art. Shoushan Stone Chapter has become the beloved and treasured of the literati. Treasure.

Due to the appearance of Shizhang jewels, Shoushan stone carving techniques have undergone great changes and developments. The methods of cutting knives, holding knives and carrying knives have all changed. In the past, sarcophagus was mainly carved with long knives with wooden handles on the shoulders. The knife is more straight, which is obviously not applicable to the small stamp button. The tool has evolved into a hand chisel and a knife. It is completely mastered by hand, and the knife is like a pen. The knife is soft and soft, and the performance is smooth and smooth. The image is graceful and perfect, and at the same time, influenced by Chinese painting, there are high relief techniques, wrinkles, and elegant paintings. Since then, Shoushan stone carvings have formed a unique artistic style.

The Qing Dynasty was the prosperous period of Shoushan stone carving. The historical records show that the Shoushan Shishou stone carvings have been included in the taxation scope of the government. The carving art is based on the art, and the seals, stationery, figures, animals and jade are inlaid with various utensils. The decoration is more exquisite and diverse, and there are intaglio and chain techniques in the performance technique. The “Bao Yin” used by the Qianlong Emperor is a seal with a piece of Tian Huang engraved and connected by two chains! Highly skilled, it is a treasure of the country.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in the 1950s, Shoushan stone carving began to recover. In the 1970s, especially since the reform and opening up, the East and West have merged and exchanged their strengths, and absorbed the longevity of ancient and Western art, prompting the rapid development of carving techniques. The combination of thin, embossed and high relief has developed new techniques such as openwork, openwork and silver.

1, the legend

There are many beautiful legends about the formation of Shoushan Stone. Some said that the son-in-law made up the road through Shoushan, and was intoxicated by the green mountains and beautiful scenery here. They danced and scattered the five color stones on the hillsides, streams and fields here, turning into this glorious gem. Some said that the egg liquid of a phoenix god bird in ancient times infiltrated into the underground near Shoushan and became a Shoushan stone.

There is also a saying that the place of Shoushan was not called Shoushan at first, but it was called another name. There is a young coward near here, named Chen Changshou. Chen Changshou likes to play chess since childhood, and his chess skills are superb. One day he went up the mountain to cut wood and saw two white-haired old men playing on a big rock on the top of the mountain. Chen Changshou took the burden and came to watch the battle. When the two old people saw that the young man was so concentrated, he seemed to be quite a chess player and invited him to play. Chen Changshou did not postpone it. He sat down and handed over the two old men. Although the two old players are old-fashioned, they don't want to be beaten by the young man for several games. An old man’s handcuffs smiled and said: “I really don’t think there is such a good hand in the mortal world. The old man admire and admire!” The two old men saw the longevity clothes simple, cut wood for a living, quite poor, and pity, they will use the pieces. I gave it to Changshou and told him not to go up the mountain to cut wood again in the future. After talking about the breeze, I have not seen the traces of the two old people.

Chen Changshou took the pawn sent by the two old men and provoked the burden to go home. Walking on the road, I accidentally fell, and the pieces in my hand were scattered all over the place. It was strange to say that these pieces were immediately turned into colorful stones, and the big stones gave birth to small stones. . When Chen Changshou returned home, he told his wife about this matter. So their husband and wife went up the mountain every day to dig stones. They took the stone they had picked up to the market to sell, and they didn't want to be bought by the people all at once, and they got a lot of money, so the days of their couples slowly got better. The matter was passed down to ten, and ten passes. Not long after, everyone in the vicinity knew that everyone went up the mountain to find the stone. Later, people called the mountain Shoushan, and the gems that turned the pieces into Shoushan Stone. The poet Zhu Yizun of the Qing Dynasty wrote poems and praised: "The treasures of the heavens are in the middle of life."

However, folklore is a legend after all. The reason why Shoushan Stone was actually formed is the result of changes in crustal movement in ancient times. Shoushan Stone was formed between 100 million years and more than 200 million years ago, when severe crust changes occurred in the Shoushan area, forming a volcanic eruption. Shoushan Stone itself is also the result of volcanic rock activity, but its volcanic rock is special, there is no large-scale eruption, only small-scale volcanic magma is active, and mixed with groundwater and underground minerals to form a substance called hydrothermal fluid. This liquid is squeezed through the gap of the stone and slowly infiltrates, and then solidifies to form the Shoushan stone. From the formation of Shoushan Stone, it can be known that Shoushan Stone grows in the cracks of the rock formation. It is impossible to mine a whole mountain and a whole piece of land. It can only be slowly searched from inside the stone seam.

Due to the difficulty and rareness of Shoushan Stone mining, it is particularly precious, especially in the case of Tian Huangshi, which has been difficult for the general public. Since ancient times, Fuzhou folks have the sayings of “Golden Easy to Get Field Yellow Difficulty” and “One Two Fields Yellow Three Gold”.

Third, the process characteristics

There are many varieties of Shoushan Stone. According to the place of origin, there are three main categories: Tiankeng, Shuikeng and Shankeng. Tiankeng stone is produced in the brookside paddy field with the least yield and the best stone quality. The puddle stone is produced in the Xishui water hole, and the mountain pit stone is scattered in the mountain stream. Tiankeng is also known as Tianshi. The texture is warm and lovely, and the color fades from the outside to the inside. According to its color, Tiankeng Stone is divided into “Tianhuang”, “Tianhong”, “Tianbai” and “Tianhei”. Among them, Tianhuangshi is yellow and sturdy, and its quality is tough and firm. It is known as “Shizhongzhi”. Wang's reputation. When the emperors of the Qing dynasty worshipped in the Temple of Heaven, they were required to supply Tian Huangshi of Shoushan, Fujian Province, because the words "Fu (jian), Shou (mountain), and Tian (yellow)" contained in Tian Huangshi were extremely auspicious. It is said that the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the founding emperor and the emperor of the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty were engraved with Shoushan Tian Huangshi. Because Tian Huangshi is rare and precious, Fuzhou folk songs have said that “gold is easy to get yellow,” “one or two yellow and three gold”, “Tianhuang two, price is higher than gold” and so on.

There are also puddle stones and mountain pit stones in Shoushan Stone. The puddle stone is mostly crystal clear. It is rich in luster. Among them, “Pit Head Stone”, “Frozen Oil Stone”, “Crystal Frozen”, “Fish Brain Frozen” and “Yellow Frozen” are excellent in quality, mining is not easy, and it is also very expensive. There are many names in the mountain pit stone, there are more than 80 kinds.

Shoushan stone carving is the crystallization of natural creation and artist wisdom. Through the constant exploration of artists from all ages, it has accumulated rich engraving techniques. The performance techniques of Shoushan stone carving mainly include round carving, hollow carving, chain carving, pliers carving, relief carving, openwork, fine adjustment, line carving, and thin carving. Thin Italian carving is a unique performance technique of Shoushan stone carving. It blends engraving art and painting art in one furnace. It pursues the smoothness of lines. It is often a few knives. It is not so much engraving as painting on stone.

In the art of carving, Shoushan stone carving pays attention to the "phase stone tricks", which is based on the shape, color and texture of the stone. It is based on the shape of the stone, the art is based on the material, the color is good, the natural color and the magical work are integrated. . The biggest feature of Shoushan stone carving is the use of color. Shoushan stone has more than ten colors and the color is very beautiful. The artist has to go through a process of stone before carving. The process of this stone is to see the shape and color of its surface. Initial ideas, other colors appearing after engraving are further conceived. Shoushan stone carving not only has the characteristics of creating and designing, but also emphasizes the use of very good features, and emphasizes not to splicing. Generally, the good works are without any splicing. What is the original piece of stone? of.

In history, Shoushan stone carving art is divided into two major schools, Dongmen and Ximen. The Dongmen School is mainly concentrated in the Houshan area of ​​Fuzhou, and the Ximen School is mainly concentrated in the Hongshan area of ​​Fuzhou. According to historical records, during the Qing Dynasty, Pan Yumao and Lin Qianpei inherited the carving techniques of Yang Yuxi and Zhou Shangjun, each of which developed the two major art schools of Dongmen and Ximen. Pan Yumao and Lin Qianpei's descendants Lin Yuanzhu, Lin Wenbao, Zheng Renqi, Lin Qingqing, Huang Hengqi, and Lin Youqing all inherited the art of Shoushan stone carving. The various print buttons created by Lin Wenbao are in a variety of styles and self-contained styles; Zheng Renzhen absorbs the strengths of other sculptures, making the round-carved animals unique; Lin Qingqing’s unique path, blending Chinese paintings into thin carvings, is exquisite. In general, the Dongmen School of Artists emphasizes the sculpt of the stalwart, the skillfulness of the craftsmanship, the skill of the knife, the exquisite work, the exquisite and gorgeous, the elegance and the common taste; the Ximenite artists are good at the art, the skill is concealed, the knife is smooth, and the pursuit of expressiveness The style of the work is full of simplicity, giving people a space for taste and communication.

Usually on a piece of Shoushan stone, there are several colors such as red, black, yellow and blue, which are interlaced into natural markings. The craftsmen conceived and artistically processed according to the shape, color and texture of the stone, and carved ornamental objects such as adult objects, beasts, landscapes, flowers and birds, fruits and vegetables, and seafood, as well as practical handicrafts such as seals, stationery, ashtrays and leeches. When making, first cut out the rough blank, peel off the general outline, and then chisel it in depth, and finally finish it by polishing, polishing and waxing. Making a piece of work can take a few days, and a few months or even years. For these reasons, the social influence of Shoushan Stone Carvings is extremely wide. It has the artistic charm of “the companion with the emperor, the middle and the literati, and the relatives and the people”, and is highly praised by connoisseurs and collectors at home and abroad. Today, Fuzhou's Shoushan stone carvings, in addition to various types of round carvings and stamps, are also combined with lacquer ware and ivory carvings to produce a variety of screens, screens, hanging joints, etc., which are exported to North America, Western Europe and Southeast Asian countries and are very popular.

Fourth, the meaning of inheritance

Shoushan stone carvings occupy a prominent position in Chinese traditional jade culture, and related sculptures have become a symbol of elegance, exquisiteness, dignity and wisdom. Shoushan stone carving pursues the artistic effect of both carving and promoting the return to the truth. Therefore, the "phase stone" is an important link, paying attention to the use of stone-shaped stone color, skillfully applying skills to achieve the realm of "Heaven and Earth". Now the main inheritors of Shoushan Stone Carving, Ximen School has Lin Wenju, Liu Aizhu, Jiang Yilin, Wang Yuhua, etc. The Dongmen School has Guo Gongsen, Lin Yuankang, Guo Yujie, Lin Bingsheng and Lin Fashu.

Shoushan Stone is a rare stone, and its resource management has been in a disorderly state in recent decades, resulting in excessive mining and adverse effects on stone carving. At present, many old artists are getting older and can no longer continue to engrave, and the traditional teacher-study relationship has been destroyed. Shoushan stone carving skills have not been followed, facing the danger of loss, and need to be rescued.

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